{"product_id":"1997-france-inter-la-bas-si-j-y-suis-interview-de-j-l-einaudi-autour-des-evenements-du-17-octobre","title":"1997 - France Inter Là-bas si j'y suis - Interview with J.-L. Einaudi about the events of October 17","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e \u003cspan\u003eFrance Inter –\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eLà-bas si j'y suis.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eDate: October 17, 1997.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eJournalist\/Presenter: Daniel Mermet\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003eContent: Testimonies from witnesses and victims of October 17, 1961 \/ Interview with J.-L. Einaudi about the events of October 17 \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/V89BWrLmycE?si=gH785EXro9eDH7sf\" title=\"YouTube video player\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"79\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"79\"\u003eThe historical facts, the mechanisms of police repression, the role of the political authorities of the time and the poignant accounts of survivors and direct witnesses.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"79\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"79\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"2\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"398\" class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"398\"\u003e1. Historical Context and Triggering of the Demonstration\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"457\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"457\"\u003eIn October 1961, the Algerian War was drawing to a close, but tensions in mainland France were at their peak. The FLN (National Liberation Front) Federation of France was then a powerful organization, overseeing approximately 400,000 Algerians in France, including 120,000 in the Paris region.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"457\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"457\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv aria-level=\"3\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"740\" class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"740\"\u003eThe discriminatory curfew\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"769\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"769\"\u003eOn October 5, 1961, a curfew was imposed by the government (Maurice Papon, Prefect of Police, and Roger Frey, Minister of the Interior). Although phrased as an \"urgent recommendation,\" it effectively prohibited \"Muslim French citizens of Algeria\" from moving about between 8:30 p.m. and 5:30 a.m. This measure, which violated constitutional principles, paralyzed the social and economic life of the Algerian community.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"769\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"769\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"3\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"1181\" class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1181\"\u003eThe call to demonstrate\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv data-start-index=\"1207\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1207\"\u003eIn response to the curfew and the increasing repression (arrests, beatings), the FLN's federal committee decided to organize peaceful demonstrations for three days. The aim was to protest the curfew and reaffirm support for the GPRA (Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic). On October 17, between 20,000 and 25,000 Algerians converged on key locations in Paris and its suburbs (Pont de Neuilly, Pont Saint-Michel, Grands Boulevards).\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"1207\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1207\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"2\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"1704\" class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1704\"\u003e2. The Mechanics of Repression: A System of State Violence\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"1768\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1768\"\u003eThe document highlights a systemic repression orchestrated by the police prefecture, under the direction of Maurice Papon.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"1768\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1768\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv aria-level=\"3\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"1896\" class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1896\"\u003eInstitutionalized torture in Paris\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"1933\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1933\"\u003eFrom 1960 onwards, on the decision of Michel Debré, torture was practiced in Paris. The \"Auxiliary Police Force\", composed of Algerian auxiliaries (Harkis) supervised by French officers, was created specifically to obtain information through violence.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"1933\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1933\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"2192\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2192\"\u003ePlaces of detention and torture:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2226\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eRequisitioned hotels (particularly in the 13th and 18th arrondissements, as well as in Aubervilliers) and the cellars of some police stations are being used as interrogation centers.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"2192\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2226\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"2402\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2402\"\u003eMethods:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2412\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHangings in the woods, strangulations, drownings and summary murders. Bodies were regularly found in the Seine or in suburban ditches even before October 17th.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"3\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"2592\" class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2592\"\u003eThe outbreak of violence on October 17\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"2633\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2633\"\u003eThe evening of October 17th marked a climax. Law enforcement (police, riot police, gendarmerie) used extreme violence against unarmed protesters.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"2633\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2633\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"2791\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2791\"\u003eMassacres on the bridges:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2816\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eOn the bridges of Saint-Michel, Neuilly and Argenteuil, demonstrators are beaten with rifle butts until unconscious before being thrown into the Seine, often with their hands and feet tied.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"2791\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2816\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3017\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3017\"\u003eMass raids:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3034\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eMore than 11,000 people were apprehended and taken to detention centers such as the Palais des Sports or the Pierre-de-Coubertin stadium, where the violence continued.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3017\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3034\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3213\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3213\"\u003eClimate of hatred:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3230\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe accounts describe police officers \"drunk with blood\", but also some civilian involvement (such as bus drivers helping to beat the protesters).\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3213\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3230\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003ctable class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3398\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\n\u003ctr class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cth class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3398\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3398\"\u003eKey event data\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/th\u003e\n\n\u003cth class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3425\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3425\"\u003eFigures and details\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/th\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\u003ctr class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3444\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3444\"\u003ePolice Prefect\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3460\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3460\"\u003eMaurice Papon\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\u003ctr class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3473\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3473\"\u003eMinister of the Interior\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3496\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3496\"\u003eRoger Frey\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\u003ctr class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3506\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3506\"\u003eOfficial report (1961)\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3527\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3527\"\u003e2 dead\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\u003ctr class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3534\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3534\"\u003eEstimated toll according to historians\/researchers\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3576\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3576\"\u003eMore than 200 dead (some say 237)\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\u003ctr class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3617\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3617\"\u003eNumber of arrests\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3638\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3638\"\u003eApproximately 11,000\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\u003ctr class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3652\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3652\"\u003eVictim Profile\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3671\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3671\"\u003eAlgerian workers, women, and sometimes children\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"2\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"3721\" class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3721\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"2\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"3721\" class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3721\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"2\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"3721\" class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3721\"\u003e3. Direct Testimonies and Survivor Accounts\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3767\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3767\"\u003eThe audio excerpts provide precise details about the brutality of the events.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3767\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3767\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3846\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3846\"\u003eThe survivor of the Argenteuil bridge:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3881\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eA woman recounts how she and her compatriot were arrested in Nanterre. She saw police officers beat her companion with their rifle butts before throwing him into the water. She herself was thrown into the Seine after being struck behind the ear with a rifle butt. She survived by hiding under some grass on the riverbank while the police threw stones at her with their headlights shining on her.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"3846\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3881\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"4279\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4279\"\u003eThe witness of the Saint-Michel bridge:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4311\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eA man, 17 years old at the time, described a protester \"curled up\" on the outer edge of the bridge, being beaten with rifle butts by five or six riot police officers. The officers struck his hands until he let go and fell \"like a stone\" into the river.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"4279\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4311\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"4580\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4580\"\u003eThe nurse from Nanterre hospital:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4619\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eShe testifies to having seen Algerians leave \"gay and joyful\" to demonstrate, then return \"terrified and frightened\" after the massacre.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"4580\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4619\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"4749\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4749\"\u003eMohamed Houchir (FLN activist):\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4781\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHe describes the blockade of the Neuilly bridge by the Harkis and the police. He recounts the fate of the demonstrators thrown into the water and the immediate media disinformation that acknowledged only two deaths.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"2\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"4983\" class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4983\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"2\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"4983\" class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4983\"\u003e4. Political Responsibilities and State Omerta\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"5031\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5031\"\u003eThe program highlights the chain of command and the silence that followed the massacre.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"5031\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5031\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"3\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"5115\" class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5115\"\u003eThose in charge at the time\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"5143\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5143\"\u003eMaurice Papon:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5158\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eImmediate head of the Paris police and the auxiliary force.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"5230\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5230\"\u003eRoger Frey:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5242\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe Minister of the Interior, who denied any evidence of a massacre before Parliament.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"5323\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5323\"\u003eMichel Debré:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5337\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePrime Minister, accused of having allowed the atrocities to happen.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"5398\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5398\"\u003eCharles de Gaulle:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5417\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe President of the Republic, whose reported comment on the massacre was: \"Unacceptable but secondary.\" He kept Papon in his position after the events.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"5398\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5417\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"3\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"5584\" class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5584\"\u003eAmnesia and denial\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"5604\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5604\"\u003eThe massacre was followed by a long period of official silence, described as an \"amnesia that is eating away at the country.\" Archives remained closed for decades, and amnesty laws linked to the Évian Accords prevented prosecutions. It was only with the work of historians like Jean-Luc Einaudi and the publication of books like\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5953\"\u003eThe Battle of Paris\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5973\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ethat the truth has begun to emerge publicly.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"2\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"6022\" class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6022\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"2\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"6022\" class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6022\"\u003e5. Significant Quotes\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6049\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6049\"\u003eThe document preserves a record of powerful statements illustrating the horror and the quest for remembrance:\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6049\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6049\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6147\" class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6147\"\u003e\"The police then relentlessly attacked me until I fell to the ground. I knew then that I was going to drown. They grabbed me by my hands and feet and threw me overboard.\"\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6328\"\u003eA survivor.\u003c\/b\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6147\" class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6328\"\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6341\" class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6341\"\u003e\"There were at least 200 men and women who were massacred that night by the French police. Those drowned by gunfire (NPB).\"\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6477\"\u003eDaniel Mermel.\u003c\/b\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6341\" class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6477\"\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6491\" class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6491\"\u003e\"Unacceptable but secondary.\"\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6525\"\u003eAttributed to General de Gaulle in the aftermath of October 17th.\u003c\/b\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6491\" class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \n\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6525\"\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6582\" class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6582\"\u003e\"We have no right to forget. Not to incite hatred, but to make it known that a tragedy, a crime against humanity, was committed in the capital of a country that is among the most democratic.\"\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6794\"\u003eMohamed Houchir.\u003c\/b\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6582\" class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6794\"\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6810\" class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6810\"\u003e\"This is our miserable little pile of secrets. Is this the end of the opaque era, the end of state contempt?\"\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6925\"\u003eAn anonymous witness.\u003c\/b\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6810\" class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cb class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6925\"\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv aria-level=\"2\" role=\"heading\" data-start-index=\"6943\" class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6943\"\u003e6. Conclusion: Towards the end of oblivion?\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv data-start-index=\"6983\" class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"6983\"\u003eIn 1997, at the time of this broadcast, the trial of Maurice Papon (for other offenses) and the commemorations of October 17th marked a break with the historical silence. The event was now presented not as a simple case of police brutality, but as a state crime covered up by national security. The witnesses' intention was clear: to transform this painful memory into civic awareness to prevent such atrocities from ever happening again.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Archives de Jean-Luc Einaudi","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52702286905687,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0902\/6781\/2183\/files\/jean-luc-einaudi_1_6e47ecef-fe3a-4975-990a-9c803b570b0e.png?v=1769856166","url":"https:\/\/jean-luc-einaudi.fr\/en\/products\/1997-france-inter-la-bas-si-j-y-suis-interview-de-j-l-einaudi-autour-des-evenements-du-17-octobre","provider":"Les Ami.e.s de Jean-Luc Einaudi","version":"1.0","type":"link"}