{"product_id":"2002-emission-train-de-nuit-interview-de-j-l-einaudi-sur-le-17-octobre-1961-la-recherche-de-verite-les-proces-papon","title":"2002 - Night Train Program – Interview with J.-L. Einaudi on October 17, 1961 \/ The search for truth \/ The Papon trials","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e \u003cspan\u003eNight Train\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eProgram\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e– 2002.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eContent:\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003eInterview with J.-L. Einaudi on October 17, 1961 \/ The search for truth \/ The Papon trials\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e Context: Following the republication of his book by Fayard, October 1961, a massacre in Paris \u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/665LB-dZlnQ?si=X6wq0BhrQyBzMKu9\" title=\"YouTube video player\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading1 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"0\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"0\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eThe Massacre of October 17, 1961: Analysis of the Works and Testimonies of Jean-Luc Einaudi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"87\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"87\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eKey points from the interview with Jean-Luc Einaudi, author of the book\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci data-start-index=\"184\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eOctober 1961: Massacre in Paris\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"215\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(Fayard editions): it explores the historical reality of the repression of Algerian demonstrators in Paris, the role of the institutions of the time and the long battle for the recognition of the truth.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"87\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"215\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"416\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"416\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e1. Historical Context and Origins of the Research\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"466\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"466\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eJean-Luc Einaudi, born in 1951, explains that his approach is not personal or familial, but civic. As a teenager in the 60s and 70s, he witnessed the impact of the Algerian War on French society, contrasting with a persistent official silence.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"466\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"466\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"735\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"3\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"735\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eThe genesis of the investigation\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"735\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"3\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"735\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"757\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"757\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eWill to truth:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"776\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAn early refusal, from adolescence onwards, to accept the concealment of fundamental facts.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"869\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"869\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eResearcher career path:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"892\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eA groundwork laid over ten years ago, leading to the publication of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci data-start-index=\"976\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eThe Battle of Paris\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"996\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(1991) and then of\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci data-start-index=\"1012\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eMassacre in Paris\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"1028\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(2001).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1036\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"1036\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eChildhood memories:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"1057\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe atmosphere of 1961 was marked by bomb alerts, the generals' putsch, and stories from Algerian comrades arriving with photos of fighters in the maquis.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1036\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"1057\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1229\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"1229\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e2. The Events of October 1961\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1261\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"1261\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eOn October 17, 1961, approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Algerians demonstrated peacefully in Paris against the discriminatory curfew imposed on October 5. This demonstration was met with extremely violent repression.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1482\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"3\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"1482\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eThe nature of the repression\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1508\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"1508\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eThe interview emphasizes that this was not a law enforcement operation, but a widespread \"manhunt\".\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1508\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"1508\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1626\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"1626\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eMethods:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"1636\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eDrownings (bodies thrown into the Seine), strangulations, blows to the head, and murders in the woods (as in Meudon).\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1626\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"1636\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1751\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"1751\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003ePlaces of internment:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"1772\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe Palais des Sports, the Parc des Expositions, the Coubertin stadium and the Vincennes identification center.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1751\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"1772\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"1882\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"1882\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003ePractices:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"1893\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eUse of torture during interrogations and devaluation of human life (considering victims as \"natives\").\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2026\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"3\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2026\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eHuman cost and disparities in figures\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2026\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"3\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"2026\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003ctable data-start-index=\"2065\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\n\u003ctr class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cth class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2065\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2065\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eSource\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/th\u003e\n\n\u003cth class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2071\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2071\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003edeath toll\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/th\u003e\n\n\u003cth class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2086\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2086\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eObservations\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/th\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\u003ctr class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2094\"\u003e \u003cb data-start-index=\"2094\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eOfficial version (1961)\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2119\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2119\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e2 dead\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2126\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2126\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eJustified by an alleged legitimate self-defense of the police officers.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\u003ctr class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2184\"\u003e\n\u003cb data-start-index=\"2184\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eResearch by J.-L. Einaudi\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2211\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2211\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e200 to 325+ dead\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2227\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2227\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eFigure based on cemetery records and the forensic institute.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\u003ctr class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2303\"\u003e \u003cb data-start-index=\"2303\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eIdentified list (2001)\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2326\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2326\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eApproximately 400 names\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\u003ctd class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2342\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2342\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eIncludes deaths from September and October 1961.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\n\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2388\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"2388\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2388\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2388\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e3. Institutional Responsibilities and Historical Continuity\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2449\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2449\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eJean-Luc Einaudi's analysis highlights a disturbing continuity between the Occupation and the Algerian War, embodied by certain figures of the State.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2604\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"3\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2604\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eThe role of Maurice Papon\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2628\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2628\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eAs police prefect in 1961, he was the central figure of this period.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2628\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"2628\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2697\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"2697\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eContinuity:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"2709\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePapon had supervised the roundups of Jews in Bordeaux (1942-1944). In 1958, he was already organizing roundups of North Africans sent to the Vel' d'Hiv'.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2697\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"2709\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2854\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"2854\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eMethods:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"2864\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eHe imported to Paris the methods of repression that he had previously overseen in eastern Algeria.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2854\"\u003e \n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"2864\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2962\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"3\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"2962\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eThe government and the police\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading3 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2962\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"3\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"2962\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2990\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"2990\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eMichel Debré (Prime Minister):\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"3023\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eA supporter of French Algeria, he backed Papon and opposed Edmond Michelet (Minister of Justice), the latter being hostile to torture and in favour of negotiation.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"2990\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"3023\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3199\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"3199\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eDesire for revenge:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"3219\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBetween August and October 1961, 11 police officers were killed in Paris. This climate generated a desire for reprisals against the entire Algerian population.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3199\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"3219\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3375\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"3375\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eInstitutionalized racism:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"3405\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe curfew of October 5, 1961 is described as the formalization of state racism, transforming \"the foreigner into the enemy\".\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3375\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"3405\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3530\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"3530\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e4. The Battle for Access to the Archives\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3570\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"3570\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eThe truth about October 17th has been systematically concealed by an enterprise of disinformation and censorship (seizure of newspapers, banned photos, control of state television).\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3570\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"3570\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3757\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"3757\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eThe legal turning point:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"3781\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEinaudi's testimony at the Papon trial in Bordeaux (1997) and the defamation lawsuit brought (and lost) by Papon against him in 1999 forced the opening of certain archives.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3757\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"3781\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3960\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"3960\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003ePersistent obstacles:\u003c\/b\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"3983\"\u003e \n\u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e◦\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"3983\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eDisappearance or destruction of the archives of Roger Frey's office (Minister of the Interior).\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4074\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e◦\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"4074\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eOpposition from some police prefects (such as Mr. Massoni) to the consultation of the documents.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4166\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e◦\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"4166\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eHierarchical appeals are necessary to access the prefecture's records.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4166\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"4166\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4244\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"4244\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e5. Memory and Recognition of Victims\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n \u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4285\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"4285\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eJean-Luc Einaudi's work aims to rehabilitate the memory of the victims, often buried anonymously in mass graves (as in the Thiais cemetery).\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4285\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"4285\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4450\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"4450\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eSurvivor testimonies:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"4475\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAccounts of men who survived attempts at hanging or strangulation.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4450\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"4475\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4554\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"4554\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eHuman impact:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"4569\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe profound need for moral justice expressed by the families of victims and the children of the disappeared who discover the truth decades later.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4554\"\u003e \n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"4569\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4719\"\u003e\n\n \u003cspan class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e•\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"4719\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eFailure of the justice system of the time:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"4752\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe document denounces a judicial institution that covered up state lies and issued systematic dismissals despite evidence of massacres.\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4719\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"4752\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph heading2 ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4910\" role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"2\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"4910\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e6. Key Citations and References\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4941\"\u003e \u003cspan data-start-index=\"4941\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eThe document uses symbolic texts to illustrate the horror of the events:\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph normal ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"4941\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"4941\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5025\"\u003e \n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5025\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\"Many of us, individuals or nations, are at the mercy of this conscious or unconscious idea that the foreigner is the enemy.\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5161\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5162\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e—\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"5164\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003ePrimo Levi\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5174\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(quoted by J.-L. Einaudi)\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5025\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5199\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5025\"\u003e \n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5199\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\"We will never know the full extent to which this people was humiliated, beaten, rejected from our community, and kept in its misery.\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5324\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5325\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e—\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"5327\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eJules Roy\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5336\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(excerpt from his diary, October 18, 1961)\u003c\/span\u003e \n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5025\"\u003e\n\n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5336\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"paragraph blockquote ng-star-inserted\" data-start-index=\"5378\"\u003e \n\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5378\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\"And now will you speak? And now will you be silent?\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5443\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5444\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e—\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-start-index=\"5446\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003eCateb Yassine\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan data-start-index=\"5459\" class=\"ng-star-inserted\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(quoted at the end of the interview)\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Archives de Jean-Luc Einaudi","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52702252400983,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0902\/6781\/2183\/files\/jean-luc-einaudi_1_6e47ecef-fe3a-4975-990a-9c803b570b0e.png?v=1769856166","url":"https:\/\/jean-luc-einaudi.fr\/en\/products\/2002-emission-train-de-nuit-interview-de-j-l-einaudi-sur-le-17-octobre-1961-la-recherche-de-verite-les-proces-papon","provider":"Les Ami.e.s de Jean-Luc Einaudi","version":"1.0","type":"link"}